Hopfion (Ring) Lightning Hypothesis
GitHub · 2026-02-25
A theoretical hypothesis proposing that so-called "ball lightning" is not a sphere at all, but a Hopfion (Ring) Lightning — a topologically protected plasma ring vortex whose energy and stability derive from topological invariants in the electromagnetic field. The observed spherical appearance is an optical artifact of a thick, luminous torus.
Physics (MHD), topological, and observational claims are independently verified. Published via Zenodo — DOI 10.5281/zenodo.17510337.